A PhD, or Doctor of Philosophy, degree represents the highest level of academic qualification that higher education institutions award in a given academic discipline. If you have a passion for research and the desire to become an expert in your field, then pursuing a PhD is the next step on your postgraduate academic journey.
Read on to learn what a PhD entails, the requirements to apply, typical costs, and more.
What Is a PhD?
A PhD is an official recognition of a scholar’s extensive, original research study in their academic field. It is designed for students who want to deepen their expertise, contribute new knowledge, and advance theory or practice within their discipline.
Though the structure of specific PhD programs varies depending on the subject, institution, and location, earning a PhD usually takes several years of independent research before submitting a project, thesis, or dissertation worthy of publication in a peer-reviewed academic journal. In many programs, candidates may even need to defend their research before a panel of experts to demonstrate their depth of understanding and the originality of their work.
While most standard degree programs, like a bachelor’s or master’s program, focus on taught components, PhD candidates are mostly assessed on the originality, quality, and academic contribution of their final thesis.
Now that you have a basic understanding of what a PhD is, let us take a look at how a PhD differs from a doctorate.
PhD vs. Doctorate Degree? Is There a Difference?
When you hear the terms “doctorate,” “PhD full form,” or “doctor of philosophy,” it is easy to confuse them as being the same. However, there is a subtle distinction to be aware of when planning your postgraduate studies. A doctoral degree, often referred to as a doctorate, is the highest level of academic qualification awarded in many fields, and encompasses a wide range of advanced studies. A PhD, meaning a type of doctorate, can fall under a broader category of expert qualifications.
Professional doctorates like the Juris Doctor (JD) or Doctor of Medicine (MD) degrees are oriented toward practical application in law and medicine, respectively, but a PhD is more about new knowledge through original research and scholarship. While both types are considered terminal degrees, meaning that they are the highest academic credentials in their respective fields, they cater to different career goals. A PhD is ideal if you want to pursue careers in academia and research, while applied doctorates are more geared towards professional leadership or practice-based professions.
However, not every student can become a PhD, as there are particular requirements that may need to be met before one is eligible to pursue this type of program.
Who Can Become a PhD?
The exact requirements needed to earn a PhD vary between institutions and countries, but most require candidates to have a bachelor’s degree and a master’s degree. However, some universities also offer flexible pathways for exceptional students who may qualify through other academic and professional routes.
One option might allow qualified students to fast-track to a PhD from their bachelor’s degree, completely skipping the master’s stage. In other cases, if you are already enrolled in a master’s degree program, you might be upgraded to the PhD program if your progress and work meet the required standards.
If you are interested in pursuing a PhD, but do not meet the standard qualifications, many institutions allow other ways to meet eligibility requirements. This could include completing specific additional coursework or passing a qualifying examination. Those with extensive professional or research experience in the relevant field or who are self-funded could also be considered, even if their academic grades are below the usual minimum requirements. These kinds of exemptions typically need strong backing from a potential PhD supervisor, so it is important to consult with any potential advisors before submitting your PhD application, as they can advocate for you.
Once you meet your preferred institution’s eligibility requirements, then you can send in your application for the PhD program. Of course, there may be several additional qualifications needed before you can apply.
PhD Application Requirements
When applying to a PhD program, you will need to meet certain requirements, several of which are specific to international students. These can vary widely depending on your chosen university, field of study, and country, so it is important to review all admission criteria carefully before submitting your application. Let us take a closer look at some of the common documentation and qualifications that international students may need before applying to a PhD program.
Language Proficiency
Many universities require applicants to demonstrate proficiency in the institution’s primary spoken language, especially if it is not the candidate’s first language. For international students pursuing a PhD in English-speaking countries like the US, UK, or Australia, this means providing proof of English language ability through widely accepted standardized tests such as the TOEFL or IELTS. You may be exempt from this requirement if you have previously completed a degree program taught in English, depending on the university’s policy.
References
Universities will also require you to provide two to three references from individuals who are familiar with your academic performance, research skills, and interest in the given field, such as former professors, tutors, or your master’s program supervisor.
Some universities may request employment references or a CV detailing relevant professional experience, especially if your work relates to your proposed research field. Applicants are often asked to submit academic transcripts, course module details, and any records of previous research projects or publications that might demonstrate their readiness for a PhD. Choosing the right references can also greatly strengthen your application and improve your chances of admission.
Research Proposals
Some institutions may require you to submit a PhD research proposal that outlines your intended research topic, shows familiarity with the existing research in that field, and identifies key gaps in knowledge that your research aims to address. It should also present a clear research hypothesis, describe your intended methodology, and discuss how your findings might have real-world relevance.
Universities use this proposal to assess the eligibility of your application, examining your research potential and the originality of your ideas. They will also use it to see how well the scope of your project aligns with their institute’s academic focus and available facilities. Your university will also use your proposal to evaluate if they have the relevant staff with the expertise to serve as a supervisor for your research. Your proposal will have better chances of getting approved if it aligns with the university’s research priorities, available facilities, and staff, so you should research your university thoroughly before you send in your proposal.
It is also important to keep in mind that your initial proposal is not final, and is only a starting point which can develop as your research progresses.
In some disciplines, such as science and engineering, you may be able to choose from a selection of pre-defined research projects that you can apply for by submitting a statement demonstrating your suitability. This is less common in fields like the arts and humanities, where applicants are generally expected to design and submit their own original proposals.
Personal Statements
You may also need to provide a personal statement where you outline your reasons for pursuing a PhD, discuss your personal motivations, and highlight any relevant extracurricular activities or experiences that strengthen your application. Consult the university’s specific guidelines on writing personal statements to ensure your essay is tailored to your chosen institution.
Once your application has been accepted and you have secured your spot in the program, you will be able to start your PhD. But how long will it take you to complete it, and what will you be doing in that time?
How Long Is a PhD Duration?
Since a PhD program is not as structured as a standard degree program, the amount of time it takes to complete can vary greatly, but it typically takes several years of intensive, independent research. Full-time PhD programs can last three to four years, while part-time programs can take up to six or seven years, with some institutions allowing extensions up to four additional years if necessary.
Within this period, you will need to take advanced coursework, pass comprehensive exams, and prepare a proposal that must be accepted before you can even start your final project. This can take several years, though if you already have a relevant master’s degree you can complete this a year or two sooner. The final project, thesis, or dissertation will usually take the most time to complete, depending on the scope of your research. You will need to work closely with your PhD advisor, assigned by the program or chosen by you, to make sure you stay on track and progress smoothly.
Now that you have a better understanding of what a PhD program involves, it is time to think about which field you would like to specialize in. If you are still exploring your options, here are several of the most popular PhD programs worldwide.
Most Popular PhD Subjects
From STEM areas, such as computer science, engineering, and life sciences, to subjects like business, economics, and the social sciences, PhD programs cater to a broad range of academic and professional disciplines. Here are several PhD program subjects that are particularly popular with international students.
PhD in Engineering — A PhD in Engineering is one of the most popular doctoral degrees, with a broad range of specializations, such as civil, mechanical, electrical, chemical, aerospace, and biomedical engineering. It can qualify you for a wide variety of corporate research and development professions, as well as careers in academia, government, and more.
PhD in Biology and Biomedical Science — A PhD in Biology and Biomedical Sciences offers you the opportunity to help advance fields such as genetics, molecular biology, neuroscience, and biotechnology.
PhD in Computer Science — Catering to one of the fastest-growing industries, a PhD in Computer Science lets you conduct research in high-demand areas like artificial intelligence, machine learning, data science, and cybersecurity.
PhD or EdD in Education — Upon completing an EdD (doctorate in education) or PhD (doctor of philosophy) in Education, you will have gained the expertise to pursue careers in higher education and school administration, such as university professor, district administrator, school superintendent, dean, and much more.
Before deciding which program to pursue, you should also consider the cost of a PhD program and the funding options available to support your studies.
How Much Does a PhD Usually Cost?
The cost of pursuing a PhD varies greatly depending on the country, field of study, and program type. In the US, the average total cost of a PhD program in 2024 was around $50,000 per year, which can add up rapidly the longer your research takes. For international students studying in the UK, PhD program expenses can be around £15,000 and £35,000. In Germany, most PhD students in public universities pay no tuition fees at all, aside from a small semester fee of about €100-€350.
While the cost may seem daunting at first, you should know that only a few PhD candidates are entirely self-funded, as up to 85% of doctoral students receive some sort of financial support. Financial aid from universities — in the form of scholarships and fellowships — can cover most, if not all, of tuition and living expenses. In countries like the US and UK, national research councils like the National Science Foundation (NSF) and UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) play a significant role in funding PhD programs, though obtaining that funding can be highly competitive. In many cases, PhD students also hold paid teaching or research positions, allowing them to gain professional experience while funding their studies.
Earning a PhD is proof of your expertise and commitment to expanding knowledge within your field. With guidance from a Shorelight advisor, you can navigate the challenges of the PhD application process confidently and receive personalized support throughout your postgraduate journey. Take the next step toward life-changing research opportunities and become an expert in your field with a PhD.
